00;00;01;05 - 00;00;22;02
Chris Judge
Hello and welcome to the Providence College Podcast. On this episode of the podcast, we wanted to share a lecture from History Professor Emeritus Dr. Richard Grace. This was the first in a series of lectures on campus to provide historical context to Russia's current invasion of Ukraine. It is titled Refugees The Humanitarian Crisis After World War Two and Similar Crises since Then.

00;00;23;13 - 00;00;52;14
Richard Grace
The term this is the term that I got from the already a refugee is a person who has been forced to leave his or her home and seek refuge elsewhere, especially in a foreign country from war, religious persecution, political troubles, the effects of a natural disaster, etc.. A displaced person. Let's look at a second definition, which is significantly different from this in 1951 the United Nations created.

00;00;52;14 - 00;01;25;11
Richard Grace
This is about the same time that the UN was creating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and this says refugees are persons who are outside their country of origin. So immediately you want to think does that mean that people who left Cardiff and went to live, these are not refugees because they don't conform to this definition for reasons of fear, persecution, conflict, generalized violence, or other circumstances that have seriously disturbed public order and as a result require international protection.

00;01;25;20 - 00;01;52;18
Richard Grace
So there are similar definitions but actually with that requirement of foreign refuge taking up refugee outside the country of origin, that's a significant difference. So the question is, first of all, who's a refugee? And I want to look at some examples that are far different from what we've been seeing in the last couple of weeks. Are these people refugees?

00;01;53;05 - 00;02;27;07
Richard Grace
What do you think it looks like these people are simply following these people where they're headed. We're not told, but they're trying to escape from the consequences of that terrible hurricane that hit New Orleans about 15, 17 years ago. How about this guy It's like somebody you see at the end of Admiral Street, you know, Admiral Allen Charles with a sign that say he doesn't have a home and does not make him a refugee.

00;02;27;07 - 00;02;49;24
Richard Grace
What's he in refuge from? What's he seeking refuge from? He might have been born a mile away from where he's set up on the corner seeking some help. But he doesn't have a roof. He doesn't have a bed. He doesn't know where his next meal is coming from. And some people in society might say, well, it's his own fault.

00;02;50;14 - 00;03;18;02
Richard Grace
And and you may even agree with that, that it is his own fault. But it could be that he was living with roommates and they threw him out. There are lots of reasons why he might be homeless and penniless. He is after all, a creature of God. So another issue here, how far do you extend? What the meaning of refugee is?

00;03;18;16 - 00;03;23;00
Richard Grace
How about these people? Would you call them refugees?

00;03;26;00 - 00;03;56;17
Richard Grace
Now it says prisoners. The photographs that I found said prisoners there at a prison somewhere, I think in Arkansas or maybe Texas, but you might think these guys get in a fight. This is after one of the Indian wars as various planes, Indians tribes were resisting the push of white settlers westward, pushing them off their land, killing their buffaloes, putting them in reservations.

00;03;56;26 - 00;04;34;01
Richard Grace
But do these people belong in a prison? These are children and the wives of these fellow fellows who may have been warriors but does not make them refugees. They are, after all, displaced they have been pushed away from their traditional homes. So there are lots of questions here about how people become refugees. And once they are refugees, whether they go after they get along with life, once they've been expelled from the place that they were used to living in.

00;04;35;05 - 00;05;11;16
Richard Grace
So let's look at one more question before we get into World War Two. What's the difference between a migrant and a refugee? Do you think one term is more sympathetic than the other? You think refugee has a softer meaning or a more sympathetic meaning than migrant does? How about this woman I took this distinction out of the online Britannica Encyclopedia.

00;05;11;16 - 00;05;43;02
Richard Grace
Simply speaking of migrant, as someone who chooses to move and a refugee is someone who has been forced from their home. Well, what do you suppose the case with this woman is? Is she a migrant because she chose to leave Honduras, or is she a refugee because the violence in her homeland was too threatening to her children? So she thought that she'd be better off if she could get them to America, not anticipating that she'd be hit with tear gas.

00;05;43;06 - 00;06;15;20
Richard Grace
Once she got here. So how do you apply that distinction at the top to this woman? Lots of questions that are kind of hard to answer. So we've gotten the World War to all kinds of refugees for all kinds of reasons. When the war was over, pogroms continued in Poland. And this picture on the upper left I do have a point somewhere here.

00;06;16;00 - 00;06;53;06
Richard Grace
This picture on the upper left shows children leaving Poland because of the program that was happening in 1946. So the anti-Jewish sentiment in Europe remains very strong in Poland and Slovakia. When the war was over and we tend to think, well, the Holocaust has been settled, it's all done, but it wasn't. So they're on the move again. These are Japanese prisoners of war and the UN declaration and the UN administration to take care of displaced persons didn't include prisoners of war.

00;06;53;12 - 00;07;15;00
Richard Grace
So there were about three and a half million Japanese prisoners of war who had no place to go if they couldn't get back to Japan. Immediately, once the war was over and I was I'll show you in another picture. Many of them wound up going to Russia as forced laborers. These are women in all likelihood, Jewish and a displaced persons camp.

00;07;15;00 - 00;07;44;09
Richard Grace
I say in all likelihood Jewish because they seem to have a binding quality, even though, you know, they're living in extreme circumstances. And we'll talk about the Zionist movement to bring people together and move them to a new place in just a few minutes. These are people leaving East Germany because they're so fearful of the Russian of the Red Army advancing.

00;07;44;18 - 00;08;16;25
Richard Grace
And so they're trying to get to the West. And as you can see, their resources are slight. Look at that. That wagon, everything that's on it, and maybe a couple of simple suitcases and not much else other than the clothes on their back. These are people, mostly women, but not entirely in Poland. Who are being shipped eastward as slave labor into the Soviet Union once the war is over.

00;08;17;02 - 00;08;50;12
Richard Grace
And so you see all these different kinds of circumstances for refugees once the fighting had stopped just a few ships. This is the St Louis which sailed from Europe with 917 passengers hoping that they could get in to Cuba. Once they got to Cuba, they were denied entry. They didn't have any documents. They were like stateless people. They didn't have visas, passports, labor permits.

00;08;50;18 - 00;09;54;02
Richard Grace
And so Cuba turned them away, but they didn't sail back to Europe right away. They sailed to Florida they could see the lights of Miami, but the US State Department wouldn't admit and the reason for that, in all likelihood, is because a high ranking member of the State Department was a determined anti-Semite So the St. Louis went home and of the 917 who were on board, about 25% died in the camps the war began for Britain on September 1st, 1939 and they had a plan to send children overseas to the dominions because they expected a fierce fight right away.

00;09;55;02 - 00;10;31;25
Richard Grace
This is three weeks into the war. September 17th when a German U-boat, which had already just a short while previously sunk another vessel, torpedoed this passenger ship that was against German protocol. The German military were against sinking passenger ships, but apparently this U-boat captain was trigger happy. And 87 of the children were killed and 175 adults, some of them were rescued as you can see here, these people getting into a lifeboat.

00;10;32;05 - 00;11;05;01
Richard Grace
But the plan that the Children's Overseas Reception Board had set up just before the war began to evacuate children to the dominions. This ship was going to Canada. They quit en. And actually what happened? Shortly after this, Warsaw fell not long after this and the fighting in the West didn't happen. Nothing was happening in West. Well, a few little skirmishes, but not anything of significance.

00;11;05;01 - 00;11;19;10
Richard Grace
And so we have a period that's called the phony war. And in the course of that phony war, the British tend to give up on some of their evacuation plans. We'll look at a slide to that effect in just a moment. But while we're staying with ships, I'll have a look at the good stuff.

00;11;21;27 - 00;11;48;23
Richard Grace
Once again, we have to think about the terror among German civilians as the Red Army came west. If you think what the Red Army is, what the Soviets excuse me, let's just say the Russian army is doing in Ukraine is terrible. Now, it's hardly anything and I don't want to diminish what is happening in Ukraine, but they are barbaric on an Olympian scale.

00;11;49;02 - 00;12;17;26
Richard Grace
When they came into East Germany, in 1945. And so people are terrified these people from East Prussia by the thousands jam onto this passenger liner which was never a German military ship unless you consider a cadet training ship to be a military vessel. But they get out into the Baltic Sea and the Russian submarine sees the lights on the ship and torpedoes it immediately.

00;12;18;01 - 00;12;38;21
Richard Grace
Three torpedoes hit there so it didn't have a chance The Baltic, you can see the date here the Baltic Sea was freezing probably as many people died from hypothermia as died from drowning. This is the worst maritime disaster in human history.

00;12;41;16 - 00;13;12;09
Richard Grace
So let's look at other evacuation efforts. Here's the the plan that the British had in place when the war began. First day, first September 1939. They're going to load women and children on trains and send them out into the English countryside. They had it so planned that they evacuated one and a half million people in the first three days of the war.

00;13;12;29 - 00;13;53;24
Richard Grace
Except Britain didn't go to war. I mean, there was no real fighting through the winter of 1939, 1940, except for the Finns who were giving the Russian army a terribly bloody nose at that point in time. But things don't get really violent until the spring of 1940. And at that point in May of 1948, when Hitler begins the blitzkrieg in the West, the British began removing children and some women, but largely children out into Gloucestershire are the peak district.

00;13;54;03 - 00;14;16;20
Richard Grace
Any place where a family was willing to take them. So if you this is a really unusual picture because you don't see any of the mothers or fathers with the children. There's this one nun who has brought them. Maybe they're orphans. I didn't see any inscription on the pictures from the Imperial War Museum. I didn't see any inscription that explains what she is doing.

00;14;16;20 - 00;14;46;02
Richard Grace
There is a kind of let's say, parental replacement figure, but the policeman is checking the tags. Now, just think for a moment. I remember how we tagged our kids. You probably did, too, sending them off to kindergarten with the tag and hoping to arrive at the right place and think about the anguish for the families putting these tags on their kids, sending them off to somebody they'd never met in their lives.

00;14;46;02 - 00;15;14;00
Richard Grace
And they don't whether whether the person they were sending the kids to was was grumpy or abusive or kind or loving or whatever. And so each of them has a tag. And these kids probably don't know one another. What he has here makes me think that maybe he is an off and it's just a string bag, but they are off into uncertainty, which is one of the big themes that we'll be talking about later on.

00;15;16;07 - 00;15;47;02
Richard Grace
A different kind of evacuation is here. People taking a risk. There are so many risks involved with refugees. These people are trying to cross the river at a 45 degree angle because the bridge has been destroyed by the retreating German army. So that vermaak, I mean destroyed by the Belmont, so that the Advancing Red Army won't have such an easy time crossing the Elbe.

00;15;47;18 - 00;15;58;24
Richard Grace
These people are hoping to get to the American and British Lions. That's their great hope. And they're willing to take this risk in order to escape the Red Army and get to American and British Lions.

00;16;01;28 - 00;16;37;20
Richard Grace
Nurnberg When the war ended, I think this is Saint Sebald. I think I'm pointing in the right direction because it looks it looks as though that's the castle on the north side of the city. And you can see a road going through the town here, but the rest of the town is rubble. And so the city fathers of Nuremberg had to get together and decide whether it was worth trying to save the city or the choice was to get the resources together to rebuild.

00;16;37;20 - 00;17;12;23
Richard Grace
Knowing that or to abandon it completely, just leave it like that. So they did decide to rebuild it and they built a railroad through here, was called the Rubble Express, and they loaded all that stone onto that railroad and cleared the city out so that it could be revived, renewed, reconstructed. This is a kid wailing about his the ruins of his home.

00;17;13;05 - 00;17;59;14
Richard Grace
The reason that I show this to you is because all the family pictures in our home make that's that's what I looked like. The angel of go in a different direction. French refugees heading for the border of occupied France. You know, when the Germans from the French to surrender, they split France into an occupied zone and an unoccupied zone.

00;18;00;18 - 00;18;30;14
Richard Grace
You've ever been to that beautiful garden section of France along the little river? That's more or less where a little bit south of tour where it was split. And these people are all trying to get to an occupied France in the south. I don't know why this column is stopped I didn't find an explanation caption for it. But what happened with a lot of them was that they left Paris with their own personal automobiles and got so far and ran out of gas.

00;18;31;06 - 00;18;56;10
Richard Grace
And then the question was, where do you go from there to you? Can you buy a horse? You know, can you get a cart or do you get on foot and walk the rest of the way? To an occupied France? I don't know whether I did that. I don't think so. The light I mean, so there is an excellent novel about this.

00;18;56;11 - 00;19;29;26
Richard Grace
It's part of of a two story book by Irene Nemirovsky, which is called Sweet France Says. And the first novel and the duet is called Storm in June. And it's describes this situation vividly and perfectly okay. So we're in the United States now, and you call these people refugees. What would you call them? It's an odd situation, isn't it?

00;19;29;27 - 00;19;31;11
Richard Grace
They're American citizens.

00;19;33;22 - 00;20;03;17
Richard Grace
The military commanders on the West Coast convince the administration in Washington to issue a presidential decree authorizing the commandant on the West Coast to take into custody anybody who might be a threat to the national interest. Anybody didn't say Japanese in the presidential decree, but notice what this says. This is no question about who's being taken into custody.

00;20;04;01 - 00;20;32;27
Richard Grace
So here they are being packed into cattle cars with the boxcars and with whatever they could take with them. If they had a business, let's say in San Francisco, they couldn't take their business with them. And when they got home from the camps in 1944 or 1945, many of them found that the businesses weren't there. The fishermen couldn't find their nets any longer, the boats were gone So would you call them refugees?

00;20;36;07 - 00;20;56;18
Richard Grace
I'll leave that up to you. Many of the I'm sure have seen Schindler's List. Have you. Some of you who are younger may not have encountered this because when it came out in the 1990s everybody was seeing it. But nowadays when I ask a class, about half of the class will say that they've seen it in any event.

00;20;56;22 - 00;21;38;10
Richard Grace
This is Liam Neeson here. The head on shot, which is in the Spielberg film, is actually much more dramatic than that because he's so much taller than everybody in the crowd. But he has rescued them from it is a true story. He has rescued them from Auschwitz-Birkenau and he's leading them there still. As you can see from the guards here, they are still in German occupied territory, but he's leading them toward the factory where they can sit out well, work through the rest of the war and and anticipate a future of free people So one more question here.

00;21;38;11 - 00;21;43;13
Richard Grace
What happens to those people? Are there any refugees once the crisis is over?

00;21;45;24 - 00;22;11;20
Richard Grace
Can they go home now? You can think about Ukraine, all those people going to Poland. How many of them are never going back to Ukraine? How many of them will wind up maybe in the U.S. or in Germany or in Poland and permanently be there? So just being saved from the moment of terror doesn't mean that saves from ongoing disorder in their lives.

00;22;12;21 - 00;22;40;03
Richard Grace
So here's an example This is Bergen-Belsen at the moment when the British troops arrived to liberate the camp and as you can see, a couple of people are smiling. Is someone smiling? There's another smile. But for the most part, they look shocked and bewildered. What's going to happen to us now? Who are those guys who came in? I mean, they didn't know.

00;22;40;03 - 00;23;15;14
Richard Grace
Just the uniforms the Tommies were wearing were different from Ivan and the Red Army, what he was wearing. And so you have all these people going at least for the moment, that they're not likely to die that day. But what then Russian women there were as many as 65 million who were displaced and one at one moment or another in the course of the war.

00;23;15;22 - 00;23;45;04
Richard Grace
By 1945 some people had had drifted home. Quite a lot had died. The French historian Ari Michel says there were about 30 million refugees at that point of the end of the war in 1945. These Russian women had been taken captive as forced laborers and brought into Germany. You can tell from the clothing that they are wearing this is prison issued clothing with those stripes.

00;23;45;09 - 00;24;15;29
Richard Grace
You may have seen some of the previous slide They were theoretically liberated but they were being sent back to the Soviet Union. And this was an agreement that the Americans and British made with the Russian government at Yalta. It was confirmed subsequently that all Soviet citizens would be returned to the Soviet Union, whether they wanted to go or not.

00;24;16;00 - 00;24;53;12
Richard Grace
There was a terrible mess in South Australia, in the valley where a lot of Kazakh families did not want to return to the Soviet Union. And the British gave the job to some troops in a scaling troops from North Island. Northern Ireland said get them on the the trains. And it was a horror show The priests were trying to pray, the orthodox priests were trying to pray, the women were screaming, the kids were getting trampled and they were all put on these boxcars with nothing but a pail.

00;24;55;01 - 00;25;06;04
Richard Grace
And when they got back to the Soviet Union, most people who had been imprisoned in Germany were sent to the gulag because they were contaminated by having had contact with the Nazis.

00;25;08;12 - 00;25;35;07
Richard Grace
The United Nations knew. I say United Nations, I mean the allies, because the UN formally wasn't established until 45 but they used the term United Nations during the war, and in 1943 they established this UNWRA organization, U.N. Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which lasted for two years. And in the course of those two years it oversaw displaced persons camps.

00;25;35;07 - 00;26;04;15
Richard Grace
There were hundreds of displaced persons camps in Central Europe, and it didn't cover prisoners of war. So that was a whole different situation. But this is a staggering figure 11 and a half million ethnic Germans were expelled from Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Romania. Many people didn't want to live on the Soviet occupation, and so they were willing not to go home and to to avoid the Red Army occupation.

00;26;05;05 - 00;26;32;21
Richard Grace
And among the people who were liberated from the camps, there were hundreds of thousands of Jews who didn't want to stay in Germany. And that they had been, you know, sent to Poland or most of them and sent to Poland, to the government general then. So they had been expelled from Germany and many of them who tried to find their formal homes would find somebody else living in them by the time they got there.

00;26;32;21 - 00;26;40;01
Richard Grace
And so the Zionist cause recruited them as pioneers for a new nation in Palestine.

00;26;42;03 - 00;27;11;11
Richard Grace
This is a camp right after the war ended, they eating from common bowls, but they look happy enough to be out of the prisons, out of the concentration camps and into the displaced persons camps. There were about 200,000 Ukrainians who were in those camps in Germany and Austria. Some of them are exclusively Ukrainian. While some of the camps were mixed.

00;27;11;22 - 00;27;34;28
Richard Grace
In addition to that, Christianity, whether they were Orthodox Ukrainian or Catholic Ukrainian, they had these things in common. They all hated communism. They didn't want to be part of the Soviet Union. They wanted an independent Ukraine. And in order to keep their culture, you may have noticed I've noticed this among my Ukrainian friends in the United States. They're very sensitive about retaining that traditional culture.

00;27;35;10 - 00;28;14;10
Richard Grace
And so in the camps, they had distinct Ukrainian schools I asked Pat Reed if he would translate the big term here. Anybody know Hebrew Well, Pat says the big term is I'm trying to read a tollbooth. And he said that it means home and so this is Hebrew school in 1948. So this is three years after the war.

00;28;14;11 - 00;28;40;24
Richard Grace
This is the year that Israel, the state of Israel is established. And you can be sure that much of what was taught in this school was a preparation for their being members of a new nation because the Zionist movement was very strong in the camps David Ben-Gurion went from camp to camp. He wasn't a displaced person, he was traveling on his own.

00;28;40;24 - 00;29;25;11
Richard Grace
But the first president of Israel, Ben-Gurion went from camp to camp recruiting people to go to Israel. So a lot of them took the risk of getting on a junk like this says is the exodus. It was a Zionist chartered vessel that had four and a half thousand refugee is on their way to Palestine. Never made it. You could see how many people had jammed on this old ramshackle ship, but they never make it because because the British weren't interested in having thousands and thousands of Jewish refugees settling in Palestine because the British was sensitive about their relationship with the Palestinian Arabs.

00;29;26;03 - 00;30;00;12
Richard Grace
And they, the British government had determined that its policy was to restrict Jewish immigration to Palestine. And so this ship was intercepted by the British Navy short of Tel Aviv, and they were all put on three other vessels. Sent back to France, and they went back to the camps of displaced persons camps in the years after the war.

00;30;00;26 - 00;30;47;20
Richard Grace
The United Nations Relief Administration was disbanded. Its work was over by 1947. But there were subsequent organizations to help the people who were still in Central Europe with no home. And so that was continued by by 1960. Most of the formal treatment is not the term I want of administration to care for displaced persons was over all the refugee camps were closed by 1960.

00;30;47;24 - 00;31;28;20
Richard Grace
How many came to the US. Well initially the US wasn't throwing its arms wide open, but eventually nearly half a million were accepted in the United States. People who had come from the camps let's look eastward Chinese had a very different situation because once the war, the Sino-Japanese War was over, the Chinese civil war resumed and the war between the Golden Tang Government and Mao Zedong's Communist movement resumed.

00;31;28;20 - 00;32;03;15
Richard Grace
It had been sort of suspended And so these are the people you see in this picture didn't want to be living in a newly communist China. It wasn't formally communist till 1949. But they headed into Hong Kong and Hong Kong wasn't at all prepared to have 3 million Chinese in the colony and it was overwhelmed. And it took a long time for them to make housing arrangements for all these people flooding in the mostly Jewish stateless refugees in Shanghai.

00;32;04;20 - 00;32;39;20
Richard Grace
And they were cared for by charitable Jewish organizations in the United States and elsewhere. And then there were all these poor guys who are going home to be considered failures. And those who don't go home go to Soviet camps. About a half million of them were taken as slave labor, and they weren't supervised by the United Nations or UNWRA or any charitable organization.

00;32;39;25 - 00;33;05;02
Richard Grace
About 100,000 Japanese died in a Soviet work camps. So I'm going to look very quickly through a few pictures here of want to go one more slide back. How often the refugee crises occur. And I'm talking about World War Two of as if it was the last big refugee crisis. But that's far from the truth. And how can people prepare for that?

00;33;05;03 - 00;33;48;26
Richard Grace
How did the Ukrainian people know enough to get ready to take their pets with them and their family photos and documents and so forth? Vietnam. 1975. Geographically, Vietnam doesn't give people a very great opportunity to escape to another land because there's no convenient land bridge connecting Vietnam with Mexico or Canada or the United States. And there was, you know, to the north was the communist state of North Vietnam, and which is going to be a united Communist Vietnam right here in 1975 or communist China or communist Cambodia.

00;33;49;06 - 00;34;23;16
Richard Grace
And so these people took to the sea and lots and lots of them died at sea. You can see in this middle picture that there are, there is a ship towing this junk of I don't mean in the sense of Chinese shark, I mean really piece of trash to carry people, people already in the water. It's hard to know how many people were in this category of boat people because so many of them drowned at sea.

00;34;24;21 - 00;35;02;05
Richard Grace
Eventually quite a few of them got to the United States and some of them came to Providence and some of them have a scholarship here at P.S. This is Rwanda, a situation that is so complicated, and I'm not even going to try to sort it out for you. Initially. Rwanda and Burundi are up here in the lake area of Central Africa, formerly a Belgian mandate and the population is divided between Tutsis, Tutsi and Hutus.

00;35;02;11 - 00;35;35;20
Richard Grace
You can see the word here Hutus. There's also a total population of pygmies in Rwanda, and they suffered pretty badly during the genocide here. But this was a genuine genocide because in 1994 the Hutus had been fleeing into Rwanda from Burundi and some from Uganda, and the Hutus initiated a horrendous genocide In three months they killed 800,000 Tutsis.

00;35;36;07 - 00;36;19;26
Richard Grace
Later in the year, the Tutsis gained control of Rwanda and they expelled 2 million of the Hutus from Rwanda. To simplify the whole story, spend 2 hours watching a film called Hotel Rwanda. It's chilling Okay. Let's look at another one getting closer to our time. Myanmar refugees. About a half million initially now. Maybe a million of them. The Rohingya are Muslims who are an ethnic minority in Myanmar, which was formerly Burma.

00;36;20;12 - 00;36;48;06
Richard Grace
And as such, they are not officially recognized by the government of Myanmar. So they are stateless persons. I've used this term previously, this afternoon that a stateless person is somebody who has no official existence, doesn't have status in a country, doesn't have a passport, doesn't have the right to vote, doesn't have work papers, just doesn't have any official existence.

00;36;48;14 - 00;37;21;16
Richard Grace
And these people migrated into Bangladesh, which is poor enough on its own to begin with. And then arriving in Bangladesh, they are in ramshackle bamboo and tarpaulin structures like this, which are just blown over when the monsoon comes during the summer months. And so these poor people are really among the wretched of the earth so we don't have time to talk about at great length.

00;37;22;02 - 00;37;55;20
Richard Grace
12 million people as of 20, 15 displaced. You've seen the pictures of them trying to get into Greece and things that look like large tire tube tires or, you know, trying to get into Italy by exploitative refugee traffickers. But we finally come to our own moment in time. This is this could be a Modigliani sculpture, you know, with this.

00;37;56;04 - 00;37;57;16
Richard Grace
Does that say loneliness?

00;38;02;14 - 00;38;08;14
Richard Grace
When it's all over Who's going to fix this?

00;38;11;08 - 00;38;17;02
Richard Grace
How can you even ride his bicycle over the rubble?

00;38;24;28 - 00;39;00;20
Richard Grace
Waiting to be evacuated along here? They must be 25 deep between the train tracks and the train station building. But this picture does not convey the individual experience the way this picture does. So how will they get home if they get home until they get home to Iowa? That's an answer the historian can't give you.

00;39;04;05 - 00;39;25;22
Chris Judge
Thank you for listening to this episode of the Providence College podcast. If you're on campus this Thursday, March 30, first the political science department's Dr. Doug Bluhm, Dr. Casey Stevens and Dr. Ruth Benassi will present Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the paradox of global security. The third lecture in this series, it will take place at six 30 in the Roy and Center for the Humanities Room, 105.